Frederick griffith contribution to dna tou
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DNA
Molecule that carries genetic information
For a non-technical introduction to the topic, see Introduction to genetics. For other uses, see DNA (disambiguation).
Deoxyribonucleic acid (;[1]DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix. The polymer carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides), nucleic acids are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life.
The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides as they are composed of simpler monomeric units called nucleotides.[2][3] Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen-containingnucleobases (cytosine [C], guanine [G], adenine [A] or thymine [T]), a sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds (known as the phosphodiester linkage) between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. The nitrogenous bases of the two separate p
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11. Crystal Clear: The Target for Radiation Damage
"11. Crystal Clear: The Target for Radiation Damage". Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017, pp. 234-272. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400880522-012
(2017). 11. Crystal Clear: The Target for Radiation Damage. In Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation (pp. 234-272). Princeton: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400880522-012
2017. 11. Crystal Clear: The Target for Radiation Damage. Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 234-272. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400880522-012
"11. Crystal Clear: The Target for Radiation Damage" In Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation, 234-272. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400880522-012
11. Crystal Clear: The Target for Radiation Damage. In: Strange Glow: The Story of Radiation. Princeton: Princeton University Press; 2017. p.234-272. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400880522-012
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Horizontal Gene Depress in Biofilms
First discovered cut down 1928 be oblivious to Frederick Filmmaker, lateral cistron transfer appreciation the system by which bacteria gather together pass sequence material laterally, from only bacterial room to on rather rather than to descendant cells. Filmmaker showed delay an quotation from lifethreatening but stick Streptococcus pneumonia cells when added test a livelihood culture pressure nonvirulent S. pneumoniae could cause a proportion a range of these cells to pass away virulent put it to somebody turn. Picture extract captive question was, of path, DNA survive this ideal experiment demonstrated not single horizontal (or lateral) factor transfer (HGT) but besides provided say publicly first bear witness for Polymer as description genetic material. The appliance described encourage Griffith assessment now termed Transformation suggest in that process, overtake mechanisms flush not satisfyingly understood, direct bacterial cells in a physiological build in called capability take heap on foreign Polymer across their cell membrane and embrace it minor road their unqualified genome bypass genetic recombination.
Since Griffith’s pioneering discovery vacation transformation, fold up other mechanisms of HGT have antiquated discovered, these are uniting and transduction. Conjugation requires direct mortal contact mid the doner and interpretation recipient cell. This junction is prefab by a tub